The mechanics of selling short are not complicated: As with other financial assets, the aim is to buy low and sell high in order to capture a capital profit. The same is true with shorting, except that we enter the sell order first, and the buy order later at a (hopefully) lower price. Since we are selling something which we do not own, we must first borrow the shares from a broker.
Selling short should be contemplated only in a bearish market environment, since most stocks ultimately follow the market’s direction. If this requirement has been met, then we can begin to search for individual stocks which are poised to decline.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SHORT CANDIDATES:
- High Liquidity: Look for stocks which trade at least 600,000 shares per day, but preferably over 1 million, so that entering or exiting positions is easy.
- Large Market Capitalization: Stocks with a market cap of $5 billion or more will have greater liquidity. The large size also lessens, but does not eliminate, the probability of take-over risk or a “short squeeze”. A short squeeze occurs when a rally forces the majority of short-sellers to buy back their shares, which in turn forces prices even higher.
- Major Institutional Ownership: Mutual funds, banks and other institutions can move stocks significantly, both up and down. Institutional ownership of at least 20% or more is ideal.
- Low Short Interest: This refers to the number of days it would take to cover all the outstanding shares that are short at the stock’s average daily trading volume. If too many investors are short, then the risk of a short squeeze increases. Avoid stocks with a short interest greater than 3 or 4 days.
- Former Leaders: Stocks that extended far to the upside in the prior bull run often will fall the greatest amount in a subsequent bear. Look for candidates above $50 to $60 a share or higher.
USING CHART PATTERNS TO IDENTIFY SET-UPS:
The best patterns typically involve some sort of high-volume breakdown from peak or near-peak prices. The common upward bounce in price which follows such a break often presents an ideal entry point. Three of the most successful reversal patterns will be considered.
1. Head and Shoulders Top
This pattern is characterized by three peaks on the chart, corresponding to the Left Shoulder, Head and Right Shoulder, in that order. The Left and Right shoulders are often similar in height, but the Head is higher. A trend-line joining the low points of the pattern is referred to as the Neckline.
As the peaks within the pattern are formed, volume often trails off as prices rise on the left side of each. Conversely, volume tends to pick up as prices come down on the right side of each peak. When prices
ultimately break below the Neckline on the right side of the Right Shoulder, volume should pick up substantially.
Whereas the Neckline previously provided support for prices, it often will become overhead resistance after being broken. Therefore a good short entry point may be on a rally up to or near the underside of the Neckline. Added confidence is obtained if the rally volume is light and prices tag a minimum Fibonacci retracement.
SOURCE: THOMSON REUTERS
The chart of Apple (AAPL) shows the Neckline in the area of 249.00. When that is finally broken, we can expect lower prices fairly quickly. A common method to project a price target is to take the distance from the Head to the Neckline and subtract that from the Neckline.
In the example above, a more conservative target of 211.44 is obtained by subtracting that distance from right side of the Neckline. Coincidentally that also corresponds to a major unfilled gap at 210.71 from March 4th.
2. Trend-Line Break and Confirmation
A properly drawn uptrend line should connect the lowest low to the highest minor low preceding the highest high for the time period under consideration. Three stages of trend-line breakage give us progressively greater indications that the trend has changed.
In the case of Vmware (VMW) prices broke the trend-line on August 11th on much higher volume (Point 1). The selling continued the next day as a minor low was registered at 71.60. Two factors told us that a bounce could be imminent: First, the black candle on the day of the break shows a long wick at the bottom, indicating that institutional buyers were able to close the stock well off its lows. Second, the break on day two created an unfilled gap at 76.93.
As the stock rallies up towards Point 2, we should be on the lookout for any signs of failure, such as weak volume on the rise, high wave candles, or any short-term reversal patterns. If such a failure is detected then an order to sell short can be entered, as we are now in the zone of a probable change of trend. This becomes invalid if prices surpass the old high at 82.17 with conviction.
If prices break below 71.60 on increased volume (Point 3), then we have a confirmed change of trend and can sell short on any bounces with greater confidence.
SOURCE: THOMSON REUTERS
As with similar patterns, the line of former support often becomes overhead resistance once it has been broken.
3. Diagonal Wedges
A wedge is a sloping pattern bounded by converging trend lines. The beauty of wedges is that once they finish, prices almost always retrace quickly to the start of the pattern. Downward sloping wedges usually precede a thrust to the upside and upward sloping wedges often precede a move down.
Baidu (BIDU) built a wedge on light volume from 65.90 to its top at 88.32 on August 10th. The following day it broke down through the bottom of the wedge at 86 as volume surged. Applying the common principle that support becomes resistance, an order to sell short could have been placed just below 86. That order would have been successfully filled four days later as BIDU rallied to 86.05 before failing.
Fibonacci retracements also can provide a useful guide for possible entry points. By retracing the initial decline from 88.32 to 80.10, we see that the expected target areas for a bounce range from 83.24 (38.2%) to 85.19 (61.8%).
SOURCE: THOMSON REUTERS
A full retracement of the wedge should take prices back to the mid-60’s in the near term. After that, much further downside exists as the stock moves toward its unfilled gap in the mid-40’s.
A common wedge pattern in Elliott Wave analysis is an Ending Diagonal, which occupies the fifth and final wave position in impulsive structures, and occasionally appears in the final position of corrective patterns. But in all cases, it is found at the termination points of larger patterns, indicating exhaustion of the larger movement.
THE STOCK MARKET TODAY (written 8/24/2010):
The recent upward correction in the Dow Jones seems to have culminated in an Ending Diagonal on August 9th. The expected move down should quickly take prices to the start of the pattern near 9600. However this is only the initial phase of a decline which ultimately should carry prices far below recent lows.
SOURCE: THOMSON REUTERS
The foregoing may assist in identifying short sale candidates and the timing of entry points, broadly answering the questions of “what” and “when” to short. Now we turn to the basic mechanics of “how” to short, using a discipline that endeavours to protect capital and maximize potential profits.
A TRADING SYSTEM FOR SELLING SHORT:
The following can be used as a guide in building a short position, setting stop levels and projecting targets in accordance with a risk : reward ratio of 1 : 3. A full position is assumed to be 1000 shares, but other sizes can be used by applying the 60% – 40% allocation to the number desired. By layering in it is possible to gradually increase leverage while reducing risk.
First Short Sale: Sell 600 shares at X
Cover on a stop at $2 above short entry point or at (X + 2)
If stop is triggered then:
Loss = Cover Price – Short Sale Price
= (X + 2) – X
= $2.00 per share or $1200
Else add to position as follows:
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Second Short Sale: If price declines by $4 from initial entry point
Sell 400 shares at (X – 4) for a total short position of 1000 shares
Break even = (600X + 400(X – 4))/1000
= (X – 1.6)
Lower stop to $2 above latest short sale or at (X – 2)
If stop is triggered then:
Profit = Short Sale Price – Cover Price
= (600X + 400(X – 4))/1000 – (X – 2)
= $0.40 per share or $400
Else if stock continues falling then:
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Maximizing Profit: Follow the stock down with a stop about $2 above the market price – and remember to avoid round numbers. Once the cover price drops to (X – 5.2) the net profit reaches $3600, achieving the desired risk : reward ratio of 1 : 3. Thereafter the profit increases by $1000 per point decline in the share price. If at any time a sudden panic plunges the stock, cancel the stop and cover at market immediately.
References:
- Elliott Wave Principle by Frost & Prechter
- How to Make Money Selling Stocks Short by William J. O’Neil
- Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets by John J. Murphy
- Trader Vic – Methods of a Wall Street Master by Victor Sperandeo
- Trading in the Zone by Mark Douglas